Procaine chemical structure

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Disorders of cardiac rhythm may be described as supraventricular or ventricular in origin. The former for the most part are innocuous. Ventricular premature systoles may be the forerunner of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular tachycardia if persistent is accompanied by failing circulation. The majority of the arrhythmias observed during anaesthesia can be attributed to hypoxia or accumulation of carbon dioxide. In the opinion of certain anaesthetists, if these two causes of arrhythmia are avoided there is no need for an antiarrhythmia drug. Procaine amide has proven of value in the control of the. In experiments on the metabolic fate and mode of action of local anesthetics, we investigated the effect of the split-products of procaine upon the typical convulsive action of the drug in guinea pigs. There is evidence * to support the assumption that procaine is split in the body to p-aminobenzoic acid PABA ; and diethylaminoethanol DEAE ; . It was found that 100 mg. per kilo of procaine hydrochloride, equal to 0.364 mM per kilo, given intramuscularly to guinea pigs produced convulsions in 80 per cent of the animals within 5 to 15 minutes. If, however, the procaine was given 30 minutes after an intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg. per kilo of PABA as the sodium salt ; , equal to 2.9 mM per kilo, the convulsions occurred in only 15 per cent of the animals and were less intense. In analogous experiments, in which 400 mg. per kilo, equal to 3.42 mM per kilo, of DEAE as the hydrochloride ; were injected before the procaine, the incidence of convulsions was reduced to approximately 8 per cent and the severity of the seizures was markedly decreased. Smaller amounts of either PABA or DEAE afforded less or no protection against the convulsive action of procaine. Larger amounts of the split-products were necessary to protect the animals if the dose of procaine was raised. Both DEAE and PABA are tolerated by the animals in large doses without eliciting noticeable symptoms. It was also found that these compounds do not exert an anticonvulsive action against metrazole. The present observat, ions lend support to the assumption that the two splitproducts of procaine attach themselves to the same receptors on which procaine acts. This competition may take place directly on the cells of the central nervous system or may occur on some intermediary enzyme component such as cholinesterase. Studies devised to shed further light on this observation are in progress.
Centration of CDDP and conditions that mimic passage of CDDP through the cytosol. The data obtained improve our understanding of how cellular GSH and drug thiols influence DNA platination by CDDP. 390. Symptomatic benet with procaine infusion in chronic pain syndromes V. Saravanan, S. Malt, T.J. Daymond Department of Rheumatology, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK Introduction: Chronic pain syndromes are difcult to manage and patents often do not respond to conventional therapeutic interventions. Procaine infusion was developed as an empirical treatment for the relief of chronic pain and has given benet to many patients. Methods: Patients attending our Ambulatory Care Unit were asked to ll out a questionnaire on their response to treatment. An IV infusion of 0.1% Procaine and 500 ml of normal saline was given on three consecutive days. Blood pressure and an ECG were checked prior to treatment. A diary was kept giving weekly scores on a scale of 0 to 5, pain or fatigue 0 and severe pain or fatigue 5. The weekly score for 12 weeks after treatment was compared with baseline score before each infusion. ANOVA repeated measures were used for anlaysis. Results: Pain diaries of 67 patients following 1 Procaine infusion were available for analysis. The mean pain score pre infusion was 3.96 and the mean fatigue score was 3.63. There is an improvement in the pain scores after the second week with maximum benet in the sixth week, mean difference 1.1, p 0.001 95% condence intervals 0.55 to 1.66 ; . This effect gradually waned and the pain score was back to pre infusion levels after the tenth week. There is a similar pattern of improvement in the fatigue scores of lesser scale with a maximum benet at 6 weeks. Mean difference 0.78, p 0.001 95% condence intervals at 0.28 to 1.28 ; . Both pain and fatigue scores improved better in women than men but this could have been biased due to the smaller numbers of men n 17 ; . Conclusion: Intravenous Procaine infusion statistically improved pain and fatigue in patients with chronic pain syndrome over a twelve week period. Procaine infusions are a valuable asset in the management of chronic pain. More studies are required to conrm these results.

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Secondary --61 * 12-4 -5 -6 -7 -8 61 * 12-9 -0 -X -Y 61 * 14-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -0 -X -Y 61 * 16-1 -2 -3 -4 -7 61 * 17-1 -2 -3 Types: Lotion Liquid Ointment Patch Other Type Brands: Absorbine Jr. Arthricare for Women Aspercreme Other Bengay Other Campho-Phenique Capzasin-P Flex-All 454 Icy Hot Jointflex Joint-Ritis Mentholatum Deep Heating Rub Mineral Ice Myoflex Salon Pas Sportscreme Thera-Gesic Thermacare WellPatch Pads Other Used for: Backache Sore muscle pain Other. Stimulation significantly increased the peak frequency of HPC-0 32 ; -64.6, p 0.0001 ; . PH stimulation at the low intensity 0.28 mA ; elicited hippocampal theta with an average peak frequency of 8.4 ? 0.1 Hz, 8.9 ? 0.2 Hz at the medium intensity 0.41 mA ; , and 9.4 -C 0.3 Hz at the high intensity 0.54 mA ; . At P5, HPC-8 was completely abolished in 11 of animals at the lowest level of PH stimulation 0.28 mA ; , abolished in 10 of animals at the medium PH intensity 0.41 mA ; , and abolished in 9 of animals at the highest intensity of PH stimulation 0.54 mA ; . Thus, the values plotted in Figure 3 middle graph ; for the P5 condition right of dashed line ; are peak frequency values in only 1 animal at the medium 0.41 mA ; intensity of PH stimulation and 2 animals at the highest 0.54 mA ; intensity of PH stimulation. The peak frequency of HPC-0 in the 3 animals in which theta was recorded in the P5 condition during PH stimulation ; was reduced compared with PRE values. At P15, PH stimulation elicited HPC-0 in only 2 of 11 animals at the low 0.28 mA ; PH intensity, in 9 of 11 animals at the medium 0.41 mA ; PH intensity, and in 9 of animals at the high 0.54 mA ; intensity. The frequency of HPC-0 in these animals was reduced compared with PRE values. Only large-amplitude hippocampal sharp-waveswere recorded at this time. At P30, PH stimulation elicited HPC-0 in 6 of 11 animals at the 0.28 mA intensity, in 11 of 11 animals at the 0.41 mA intensity, and in 11 of animals at the 0.54 mA intensity. The frequency of HPC-0 remained at values that were reduced compared with PRE values. At P45, PH stimulation elicited HPC-8 in 8 of 11 animals at the 0.28 mA intensity, in 11 of 11 animals at the 0.41 mA intensity, and in 11 of animals at the 0.54 mA intensity; the frequency of HPC-0 remained reduced compared with PRE values. At P60, PH stimulation elicited HPC-0 in 9 of 11 animals at the 0.28 mA intensity, in 11 of 11 animals at the 0.41 mA intensity, and in 11 of animals at the 0.54 mA intensity. The frequency of HPC-0 in these animals was still slightly reduced compared with PRE values. In 2 animals in the P60 condition, no HPC-8 was recorded at the lowest PH stimulation level. Given the nature of the effect of MS procaine on the peak frequency of HPC-8, the data could not be analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA because of the large number of and procarbazine.

Heart. Circulation 36: 108, 1967. CONN, R. D.: Diphenylhydantoin sodium in cardiac arrhythmias. New Eng J Med 272: 277, 1965. MOSEY, L., AND TYLER, M. D.: Effect of diphenylhydantoin sodium Dilantin ; , procaine hydrochloride, procaine amide hydrochloride and quinidine hydrochloride on ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in unanesthetized dogs. Circulation 10: 65, 1954. LANCG, T.-W., BERNSTEIN, M. D., BARBIERI, F., GOLD, H., AND CORDAY, E.: Digitalis toxicity.

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Is caused by a variety of structural and metabolic abnormalities. Experimental models of pathological left ventricular LV ; volume overloading have shown that, as in humans, if not initially lethal it may be tolerated for an extended period of time, but left heart failure develops eventually if a sustained volume overload is severe. In mitral regurgitation, this is based on muscle dysfunction at the level of the ventricle and of its constituent cardiocytes 29 ; , which in turn appears to be caused by and procrit.

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Cages in which they had free access to water from a graduated pipet of 25 ml adapted for this purpose. The environmental temperature was maintained on 25 ~' The technique used to induce thirst was the one described by Wayner et a . [17]. This consisted of the subcutaneous injection of 3 mEq NaCI administered in a 15 per cent solution which contained 24 mg procaine hydrochloride per ml to eliminate pain associated with the salt injection. As a control solution 0.90~ NaCI containing 2 . 4 procaine was. BONYTHON, C.W. 1980 ; Walking the Simpson Desert. Rigby, London CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON, I.L. 1975 ; Desert Travel and Research. Institute of Biology, London DAVIDSON, ROBYN 1980 ; Tracks. Jonathan Cape, London DAY, P R 1982 ; "Outback `80" Report of the Joint British Australian Trans-Australia Expedition 1980 RGS Report 978 ; DUNN, G. 1976 ; "The Working of a Sun Compass". Geographical Magazine 48: 647 GLEN, S. & J. 1980 ; Sahara Handbook. Roger Lascelles, 16 Holland Park Gardens, London W 14 8DY HALL, D.N. 1979 ; Expedition Navigation. Royal Geographical Society, London HILLABY, J. 1964 ; Journey to the Jade Sea. Constable, London JACKSON, I. 1982 ; The Four Wheel Drive Book. Gentry Books, London McELDUFF, C. 1975 ; Trans Africa Motoring. Wilton House Gentry, London MELVILLE, K.E.M. 1980 ; Stay Alive in the Desert. Roger Lascelles, London MOORHEAD, A 1974 ; The Fearful Void. Hodder & Stoughton, London MORGAN-GRENVILLE, G.W. 1974 ; Cruising the Sahara. David and Charles, Newton Abbott, Devon PAINE, B. 1976 ; The Green Centre. BBC and Andre Deutsch, London SAUNDERS, M 1970 ; Administrative and Technical Report of the British Air Mountains Expedition Niger ; 1969-1970. RGS Report No.283 ; SHEPPARD, T 1976 ; Report on the Joint Services West East Sahara Expedition 1975 RGS Report No.313 ; SHEPPARD, T 1980 ; Desert Course Notes. Royal Geographical Society, London SLA VIN, K & I, and MACKIE, G. 1981 ; Land-Rover: the unbeatable 4x4. Gentry books, London STEVENS, V. & I. 1978 ; Algeria and the Sahara. Constable, London TENCH, R. 1978 ; Forbidden Sands. Iohn Murray, London THESIGER, W. 1959 ; Arabian Sands. Longmans, London WINSER, N. 1974 ; Report of the Polytechnic of London West Africa and Sahara Expedition 1973 RGS Report No.573 and prohibit.

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Int j std aids, 1990 jul, 1 4 ; , 285 - 7 comparative study of cefuroxime axetil and procaine penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea ; kinghorn gr et al; a total of 311 patients presenting with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were entered into a comparative randomized open-label study and given single-dose treatment with either oral cefuroxime axetil cae ; or intramuscular procaine penicillin pp.

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Conductance mechanism more strongly from inside t h a does from outside. T h e average percentage inhibitions of the early transient and late steadystate conductances for the external procaine concentration of 0.1 ~o 3.7 rnM ; were calculated from Tables 2 and 5 of Taylor 1959 ; , and turned out to be 6 for the early transient conductance and 240" 0 for the late steady-state conductance. For internal application of 1 m~t procaine, the percentage inhibitions were 52% for the early transient conductance and 5 % for the late steady-state conductance Table V ; . In spite of the lower concentration, procaine causes higher inhibition of the late steady-state conductance mechanism from inside the nerve m e m than it does from outside. This is in favor of the notion that the late steady-state gates are located on the inner surface of the nerve membrane. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that procaine disturbs the early transient and late steady-state channels through dislocation of the crystal lattice of the m e m structure, because it causes nonselective blockage of both the early transient and late steadystate mechanisms and also because the threshold concentration is very high compared with that of T T are indebted to Mr. Edward M. Harris for constructionof much of the electronicinstrumentation, to Mr. Rodger Solomonfor construction of the nerve chamber, to Miss Brenda L. Mackey for analysisof the data, and to Mrs. N. G. Andersonfor drawingsomeof the graphs. This work was supported by the National Institutesof Health grant NB 03437 and National Science Foundation grant GB1967 and prolixin. Urinary tract infections, 40 with lower respiratory infections, 41 with soft tissue infections, 12 with bone infections, and 22 with miscellaneous infections. The overall clinical cure rate was 91%. Adverse reactions reported included phlebitis, elevated liver function tests, diarrhea, and rash, though the drug was generally well tolerated. Additipnal studies will have to be undertaken to precisely define the clinical indications for ceftriaxone and the other third-generation agents ; . In the treatment of pulmonary infections, ceftriaxone may have a role in treating gram-negative bacillary pneumonias and may be a reasonable substitute for the combination of a first-generation cephalosporin plus an aminoglycoside. Ceftriaxone may be an effective alternative to chloramphenicol for treating ampicillinresistant H. influenza pulmonary infections. In the treatment of urinary tract infections, ceftriaxone should be reserved for those situations where a multiply resistant gram-negative bacillus is suspected or isolated. No relapses were noted in our patients with urinary tract infections, though we were able to obtain urine cultures at 1 and 6 weeks after completion of therapy in only 23% of the patients due to failure to return for follow-up cultures. Patients with polymicrobial soft tissue infections cellulitis, wound infections, decubitus ulcers ; may be candidates for ceftriaxone therapy. With its potential for once-a-day administration, ceftriaxone could prove to be a valuable drug for the outpatient therapy of chronic osteomyelitis. The high incidence of resistance of B. fragilis to ceftriaxone raises concerns about using this drug alone to treat intraabdominal or pelvic infections. Whether a third-generation cephalosporin alone will be as effective as such regimens as gentamicin plus clindamycin or gentamicin plus chloramphenicol has not yet been adequately studied. An interesting potential use for ceftriaxone is in the treatment of gonorrhea infections. A single injection of ceftriaxone in doses as low as 125 mg ; eradicated uncomplicated urethral, anorectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhea in a series of 46 males H. H. Handsfield, V. L. Murphy, and K. K. Holmes, 21st ICAAC, abstr. no. 812 ; . A small dose of ceftriaxone, if proven effective, would clearly be better tolerated by the patient and possibly less expensive than the currently recommended regimen of 4.8 x 106 U of procaine penicillin plus 1 g of probenecid. Because of its marginal activity against P. aeruginosa, ceftriaxone alone cannot be recommended as initial therapy in any patient in whom the risk of P. aeruginosa infection is great, such as the patient with granulocytopenia. Although the combination of a third-generation cephalo.

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The characteristics of the patients who underwent any bronchoscopic intervention are shown in Table 1. Seven patients were * From the Departments of Pulmonary Medicine, Free University Hospital Amsterdam Drs. Sutedja and Postmus ; , Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Amsterdam Dr. Schreurs ; , St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein Dr. Vanderschueren ; , Academic University Hospital Leiden Dr. Kwa ; , and University Hospital Groningen Dr. vd Werf ; , the Netherlands. Manuscript received December 3, 1993; revision accepted April 27, 1994 and propantheline.

There was no intergroup difference in the duration of the ECC, aortic cross-clamping time, or the number of grafts Table 1 ; . At the time of declamping of the aorta there was no significant difference between the two groups procaine control with regard to rectal temperature 32.7"C + 0.3 [range, 29.8-36.6] 32.2"C t 0.2 [range, 29.5-33.011, mean arterial pressure 44 mm Hg -t 2.2 [range, 15-66] 47 mm Hg t 2.4 [range, 25-7511, or pump flow 4.0 L min + - 0.1 [range, 2.55.01 3.8 + - 0.2 [range, 2.3-5.01 ; . The serum potassium level may influence the rhythmic stability but there was no intergroup difference at the time of declamping 4.2 mM t 0.1 [range, 3.5-5.71 4.1 mM + 0.1 [range, 3.0-5.71 for procaine control ; . The rhythmic stability was markedly different between the groups after the release of the aortic crossclamp Fig. 2, 3; Table 2 ; . In some casesVF was difficult to convert to stable rhythm and consequently lidocaine was used more frequently in the control group. Several patients in the control group having obtained stable rhythm by DC shock, relapsed to VF and were treated repeatedly by electroconvertion. The procaine group was characterized by postischemic asystole that lasted for l-5 min after declamping; then they started in a stable rhythm as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Sinus rhythm was regained in most of the patients in both groups within 20-30 min Fig. 3 ; . Synchronized DC shock was administered if sinus rhythm was not obtained at the time of weaning from ECC, and this was used more frequently in the control group P 0.05 ; . There was a tendency that the time from declamping until weaning from ECC was less in the procaine group P 0.06; Table 1 ; . One patient procaine group ; was reoperated 1.5 h after arrival in the intensive care unit because of increasing hemorrhage. Bleeding from the mammary artery stalk was found. One patient control group ; was reoperated after a 4-h intensive care unit stay. No specific cause for bleeding was found. The postoperative course was otherwise uneventful for these two patients. Bleeding and transfusion requirements were moderate and not different between the groups. The hemoglobin on the first morning after surgery was 97 g L 1.9 range, 77-117 ; and 101 g L 2 1.9 range, 81-116 ; procaine control ; . During the hospital stay a total of 20% 23% of the patients received transfusion procaine control ; . The intubation time was 255 min ? 41 range, 30-720 ; and 237 min 2 25 range, 30-520 ; in the two groups procaine control; not significant [NSI ; . Four hours after surgery the FIO, was 0.55 + 0.03 range, 0.3-1.0 ; 0.48 2 range, 0.3-0.7 ; procaine control, NS ; . There was no intergroup difference in postoperative fluid balance and the weight gain the first morning after surgery was 2.8 kg f. 0.3 range, 0.6-5.4 ; and 2.5 kg ? 0.2 range, 0.1-4.4 ; for the two groups NS ; . The enzyme release the first.

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Few treatment data exist as few women participated in clinical trials of HCV infection alone, and even fewer in studies of co-infection. Most of the large studies of HCV infection enrolled a significantly greater percentage of male patients 65% to 75% ; , which reached 90% in the four large retrospective cohorts of hemophiliacs. A study from Japan of 112 women with HCV infection alone treated with interferon IFN ; monotherapy showed comparable sustained virologic responses 24% vs 27% ; to men, but improved responses 75% vs 16% ; for the women who were younger than 39 years.24 and propylthiouracil.
Ba media Hagiwara and Naka, 1964 ; . Records B1 and B2 show Ba spikes obtained in 42 mM solution before and after the application of 4 10 tetrodotoxin per ml of the external solution. It is seen that tetrodotoxin is also without effect on the Ba spike. 2. PROCAINE The effects of two different concentrations of procaine on the spike potential of a muscle fiber are shown in Fig. 2A. In low concentration 5 10 .4 there was an increase of the overshoot of the spike as well as of the rate of rise, and the time course became slightly prolonged Fig. 2A2 ; . At higher concentrations Fig. 2A3, 2 10 g the overshoot and the rate of rise did not show any further increase b u t the time course became very much prolonged and the initial peak of the spike was followed by a plateau which often lasted for several seconds. The results show that procaine has no appreciable suppressing effect on the Ca conductance change. In the squid giant axon procaine reduces the K conductance increase Shanes et al., 1959; Taylor, 1959 ; . The slight increase of the spike overshoot and the and procaine. Procaine penicillin is a medium- to long-lasting antibiotic of the penicillin family used to treat womb and other infections and protopic.

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